Bradford Factor Calculator

Calculate the Bradford Factor score (S² × D) and identify the absence risk band for an employee over a 52-week period.

Quick answer

The Bradford Factor is S² × D: the number of separate absence spells (S) squared, multiplied by the total days absent (D). It deliberately penalises frequent short absences — four separate one-day absences score 4² × 4 = 64, while one four-day absence scores 1² × 4 = 4. Many employers review at 51+ and act formally around 201+.

Enter Absence Details

Formula: Bradford Factor = S² × D
S = number of separate absence spells • D = total days absent
Bradford Factor Score
72
Medium — informal discussion recommended
Risk level
Absence spells (S)
3
Total days (D)
8
Score (S²×D)
72
Risk band
Medium
The Bradford Factor is a management tool, not a legal standard. Organisations set their own trigger points. Always combine Bradford scores with individual circumstances and occupational health input.

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Common Bradford Scores

Spells (S) Days (D) Score Band
3327 Low
4696 Medium
510250 High
68288 High
77343 High
85320 High

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Bradford Factor?
The Bradford Factor is an absence measurement tool used by HR teams to identify patterns of frequent short-term absences. It is calculated as S² × D, where S is the number of separate absence spells and D is the total days absent. Higher scores indicate more disruptive absence patterns.
Why does frequency matter more than total days?
The Bradford Factor is designed to highlight frequent short absences because these are typically more disruptive than a single long-term absence of the same total duration. Multiple short absences create uncertainty and operational challenges, while a longer absence can often be planned around.
Is the Bradford Factor a legal tool?
No. The Bradford Factor is not defined in employment law. It is a management tool and its use must comply with employment law including disability discrimination requirements. Employers using it must apply it consistently and use it as one factor in an absence conversation, not as an automatic trigger for dismissal.

Figures reviewed for the 2026/27 tax year (last updated July 2026). Source: GOV.UK.